Pronunciation of s, z, w, v
A1 · Beginner · Basics
The rule
s before a vowel = z (Sonne); z = ts; w = English v; v usually = f.
How it works
s before a vowel at the start of a word or syllable is pronounced "z", as in Sonne. The letter z is always "ts", as in Zeit. The letter w is pronounced "v", as in Wasser. The letter v has several sounds: "f" in most native words like Vater, and "v" in loanwords like Vase and Klavier.
When to use it
Use it to read s, z, w and v correctly in new words, which the spelling alone does not always reveal.
Use cases
- Reading names and everyday nouns like Sohn, Sonne, Zucker and Wort
- Remembering that Wetter (weather) begins with a "v" sound
- Recognising loanwords where v is spoken as "v"
Examples
- Zeit – time
- Wasser – water
- Vater – father
- Der Sohn spielt im Garten. – The son plays in the garden.
- Wie spät ist es? – What time is it?
- Wir wohnen in Wien. – We live in Vienna.
Common mistake
Pronouncing z as "z" (it is "ts") or s before a vowel as "s" (it is "z").
Memory tip
Remember: Sonne starts with a z-sound, Zeit starts with ts, and Wasser has a v-sound for w.
Read the wider picture in our guide: German Pronunciation Guide for English Speakers.